The primitive dances

Dancing was considered by primitive man to be one of the most natural ways of expressing feelings and emotions. There is proof of this in the drawings of the last Paleolithic Period (at least 10,000 years ago) found in some caves in Spain. These represent men dancing round figures of animals. It is clear that they displayed in their dancing a desire to hunt and kill these animals. For this reason the experts who discovered the drawings called them hunting dance. Primitive men celebrated births, marriages, and battle victories by dancing. They also danced religious rituals to try to influence their gods. They hoped to win wars and overcome sickness, bad crops, and death by dancing to frighten away the evil spirits. In war dances, they waved their weapons and pretended to attack the enemy. They hoped this acting would make them braver and bring them victory when the battle took place. Today primitive people still dance like this.

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Early Greek dances

The dances of simple primitive men were rather wild and crude. In time they learnt to express their feelings in more refined ways. Their dances also became more elegant and graceful, and dignified movements were developed. By the time of Greek civilization, dancing had become an art and they combined it with music and singing. At first their dancing was largely connected with religious ceremonies. Solemn dances wear danced for more serious gods such as Athena, goddess of wisdom, and wild unruly dances were used for worshiping others like Dionysus, god of wine. From the temples dancing passed to the theater indeed the tragic dance came long before the tragic dramas of the Greeks. In these dramas the choruses were famous; the singers sang and danced to the music of their lyres. Among the Greek dances some of the best known were the Pyrrhic, the Emelia, the silkiness, and the kordax. The Pyrrhic was a war dance performed carrying arms – the word and the spear. The Amelia was stately tragic dance of slow movement. The skinniest was danced by the chorus of satyrs – earth gods represented as meant with their legs of goats. The kordax was a comic dance.

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Dance development

A renowned Greek writer of their 1st century A.D wrote that the dance “represents thought it movements a feeling, a passion, or an emotion’. These could not be a better definition of dance. When men experience a great joy or a deep grief they sometimes feel the need to express these sentiments. They do it not only with words but through the movements of their bodies. It is said, for example, ‘to dance for joy’. The early people danced with primitive and awkward body movements. If these primitive and awkward body movements’ natural impulses are allowed to follow they could result at times in an awkward and ugly exhibition, unpleasant to watch. Since man first learnt to express himself in this way he continued to experiment with it. Dancing thus gradually developed over many centuries into a formal and organized series of movements. It is usually accompanied by music specially written for it, rather than by primitive shouting.

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Computer network

Any system that contains terminals inter connected with a central control may be called network. The term net working has a special meaning. Networking refers to a system consisting of computers linked together so that they can share database programs and printers and other devices. A Local Area Networking (LAN) system might link and computers and in a single office, while a global or wide Area Net works (WAN) system might link computers across a country or even across several countries. Computer networks allow others to feed their data and programs in to the computer at the same time. Each user needs a keyboard or input and a screen for output but they can share in items like printers and external memory which they only use occasionally the control computer has special network software which sorts out which user ‘station’ should get priority. For example, request to load a new program usually takes priority over asking for a print-out of results. Networks are very useful in schools and offices, as they allow more people to use the same computer system. In network, a computer can share its processing power, memory and printer among many user ‘stations’. The best use of networking technology is in business resources and productivity, efficiency, reducing costs and gaining competitive advantage. Networking enables everyone in an organization to communicate with and share resources with everyone else. It gives them access to data held in individual PCs, by remote office sites or external suppliers and giving users the ability to share printers, CD-ROM and modem technology, etc. Networks can be designed for organizations of all sizes from the small office with between two and ten workstations to the largest international corporations linking thousands of workstations.

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Mini computers

Mini computers are the next most powerful after micro computers are mostly used in offices research institutions, and factories. Some are used as the brains of network of computer terminals often doing work similar to that done with micro computers. Others are used for jobs that need more power than a micro computer can provide. Minicomputer can provide. Ranging from several hundred in the minicomputer DEC -10 PDP – 11, and the VAX – 11 computers of the Digital computers of the Digital Equipment corporation (DEC).

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Micro computers

The micro computers include personal computers (PCs) and home computer, and are mostly used by individuals at home or in office. It consists of a system unit, the keyboard and Visual Display Unit, the keyboard and visual Display Unit (VDU). Most have 64k (64 kilobytes) to 521 k of internal memory, but in some, memory is measured in megabytes (MB, millions of bytes). Microcomputers usually have processing speeds that are measured in processing speeds that are measured in micro seconds (millionth of a second). The standard typewriter keys – viz A to Z, 0 to 9 and certain special character together constituting the alpha – numeric characters – are an essential part of all the micro computer keyboards which also have two or three additional groups of keys. A set of ten special function keys (f1 to f10) exists as a group and these can be programmed to perform special tasks (in the programming mode). A total of 84 or 101 or 121 keyboard is connected to the system unit of the micro computer via a coiled cable. Recently an ergonomic split keyboard has been developed which is designed to reduce finger fatigue and enhance speed. The VDU is the video display terminal for the microcomputer system. This can be either a monochrome (black and white) or monitor.

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What is the animal game?

ANIMAL is a game in which pupil teachers the computer not the other way around. The player chooses an animal and the program tries to guess what the animal is. If it fails it asks for a question that will help it to guess the animal next time. Every time it plays, the program adds more animals to its memory. The animals to its memory screen displays the questions and answers when ANIMAL is being played. This program started by “knowing” only three animals that live in water – place haddock and trout. Next time the program will know a fourth animal and have learned one way of telling the differences between a whale and the other three but if the next player happens to teach the computer. The player than has to think up good questions to give to the computer. When a whole classroom of pupils play this game they are also learning about animals from each other, by seeing the questions the computer has been given.

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Lions

Lions vary in color but typically sport light yellowish-brown coats and as a symbol of power, courage and nobility on family crests, coats of arms and national flags in many civilizations, it is the second largest feline species, after the tiger. Mature male lions are unique among the cat species for the thick mane of brown or black hair encircling the head and neck. There have been 23 thousand lions remaining in the African continent. The only social member of the cat family, lions live in large groups called prides, consisting of about 15 lions. New male becomes part of the pride it is not unusual for him to kill all the cubs, insuring that all future cubs will have his genes. Lionesses aren't the most successful of hunters, because they usually score only one kill out of several tries. They usually spend 16 to 20 hours a day sleeping and resting, devoting the remaining hours to hunting, courting or protecting their territory. Their roar can be heard up to five miles away and males have a life expectancy of around 12 years in the wild with the females living up to 16 years. Females do 85 to 90 percent of the pride's hunting.

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polar bear

The polar bear is the largest land carnivore and has a reputation as the only animal that actively hunts humans. Polar bears are a potentially endangered species living in the circumpolar north. They are animals which know no boundaries. Polar bears have wide front paws with slightly webbed toes that help them swim. They paddle with their front feet and steer with their hind feet. Fur even grows on the bottom of their paws, which protects against cold surfaces and provides a good grip on ice. Male polar bears may grow 10 feet tall and weigh over 1400 pounds. Females reach seven feet and weigh 650 pounds. In the wild polar bears live up to age 25.The bear's stark white coat provides camouflage in surrounding snow and ice. But under their fur, polar bears have black skin the better to soak in the sun's warming rays. The main threat to polar bears today is the loss of their icy habitat due to climate change. The polar bear is the largest land carnivore and has a reputation as the only animal that actively hunts humans.Polar bears depend on the sea ice for hunting, breeding, and in some cases to den.

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Golf sachin

Tiger Woods is a man who needs no introduction if you are familiar with a sport called golf. Having won the last three majors, Woods is causing commentators to wonder if winning the 2001 Masters would constitute a Grand Slam. He figures he should play the hole in at least five or six strokes under par. This year he played it in three under, and felt that new rough and the trees on the right took away his customary landing area. Tiger Woods won the second consecutive Masters win in his second U.S. Open at Bethpage Black. Tiger Woods also won the Bay Hill Invitational, U.S. Open, Buick Open and the WGC-American Express Championship. This was also the year when Tiger Woods became the youngest golfer in history to win seven PGA majors. Set records for most victories by age 23 and after three years on the PGA TOUR with 15 PGA TOUR victories and 19 overall. Horton Smith had 10 victories after three years in 1929 and 15 victories in 1931 at age 23. Tiger's veteran coach, Butch Harmon: "He doesn't need any help from me on the history. He reads and he surfs the Internet and he watches every old golf video he can get his hands on."

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Federer

The Roger Federer Story, Quest for Perfection is the biography of tennis superstar Roger Federer, the Swiss tennis player regarded as the greatest player in the history of the sport.. Federer was raised in Munchenstein, a suburb of Basel. He started playing tennis at the age of three, and for several years he was an outstanding player at both tennis and soccer. Considering his impressive record and sheer dominance during the past three years, make fair to call him the greatest player of all time. In adolescence, he decided to concentrate on tennis, and at 14 his parents enrolled him at the National Tennis Center, where he lived the game for two years. Yet in 2003, Federer made history by becoming the first Swiss man to win the singles championship at Wimbledon. McEnroe was notorious for his hot temper and verbal outbursts on the courts. This probably overshadowed the fact that he was a great player. As a young player, Federer quickly climbed through the junior ranks. During his last year as a junior, in 1998, he won the Wimbledon singles and doubles junior championships.

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polar region

The Polar Regions are the icy areas around the North and South Pole. The Arctic and Antarctic are in the Polar Regions. Polar bears, penguins, seals, whales, and walrus are a few of the wildlife that live in these very cold regions. The Arctic includes parts of Europe, Russia, Alaska, and Canada. The first inhabitants of this region were the Eskimos (Intuits) who settled here over 9000 years ago. Today, there are more than 2 million people who live in the Arctic. Temperatures in the winter months typically drop to -50 degrees Fahrenheit as a result of limited sunlight. Several sorts of small dinosaur called hypsilophodontids shows signs that they had exceptional eyesight. They could see in the moonlight and keep feeding on whatever plants they could find. The southern polar region is called Antarctica. This ice-covered continent is larger than the United States and is surrounded by ice and water. The northern polar region is called the Arctic. The Arctic is a huge ocean surrounded by land. Most of the ocean is frozen, but there are areas where the Inuit people live. Antarctic contains more than 8% of the earth's land. Although there are not any permanent inhabitants of Antarctica, various research stations are located throughout the region which allow for scientists to live there throughout the year.

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Desert formation

Deserts occurs in 2 broad belts, at 20-30o north and south of the Equator, along the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Desert areas develop under the influence of the quite permanent high-pressure areas. The Living Desert was established in March 1970 as a 360 acre wilderness preserve. Today it is one of the most unique institutions in the country and stands out as the only American zoo and garden dedicated solely to interpreting and conserving the deserts of the world and is the only zoological and botanical park specializing in just one entire ecosystem.A relatively clast-free zone of silt is found beneath a small Av horizon underlying pavement surfaces, following the work of Wells and McFadden since 1985. Pavement surfaces vary in lithology from 100% chert to 100% limestone, with varying levels of clast burial. The measurement of fracture orientation in chert clasts reveals a strong north-south orientation, suggesting that thermal cracking, and therefore physical weathering, is the primary process acting to break down surface clasts. The presence of refitting Paleolithic artifacts and knapping circles on even steep slopes indicates a very old and stable pavement surface, with limited disturbance by jackals and pedestrian travel. Animals in the desert have to adapt to their environment.

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