Telephone was invented by Graham Bell in 1876

Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847 in Scotland. He was brought up in Boston, Massachussets. Bell opened a school for dump and deaf in Bosten in 1862. thoams Watson, a knowledgeable person in the field of telegraphy become his friend, with his help Bell developed the telephone. He was plying instruments earlier. They were used for the benefit of the deaf.

The first permanent telephone line was laid in 1877 after Bell palented telephone in 1876. by 1878 telephone exchanges were set up in USA. Telephone system advanced in course of time and 1915 nearly 3400 miles long Telephone line was laid under the sea. Bell was invited to inaugurate the system. Bell told the authorities at the time of inauguration that Watson should be on the other and of the time. The authorities agreed.

Bell said: “Watson, come here I need you”.

Watson replied in a laughing mood “sir, at this time I canot come to you. I am so far off from you that it will take me one week to reach you”.

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Fleming bacteriologist

Fleming was a bacteriologist in 1906 at St.Mary’s Medical School, London. He joined Army Medical Corps and did research. After the first world war he returned to world in Medical School. One day he observed some strange flecks of fungus that were grown up in an uncovered pantery dish which he was using for antibacterial experiments. To his surprise he found that wherever the fungus had grown, the bacteria had died. Fleming felt that it was caused by a spore which had flown in though a window and settled on the dish. That was a rare fungus in the mould family. He took the fluid from it and tried it on bacteria. Ultimately he concluded that the fungus had a deadly effect on the disease which cause microbes. The fluid which acted as a repellent to the growth of bacteria was obtained from the penicillium fungus, and was named penicillium. For this wonderful discovery, the Noble Prize was awarded jointly to Fleming, Florey and chain in the field of medicine in 1945. American drug manufactures gave Fleming support to isolate penicillin. In course of time technique of extracting penicillin in large quantities was evolved.

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Volta’s battery

Volta’s battery worked on the principle that, if a plate of copper and a plate of Zinc are placed in a bath of sulphuric acid, an electric current will be created and will flow from the copper to the Zinc. Many scientists conducted experiments using Voltaic cell. The results were

(a) Water was divided electrolytic ally into hydrogen and oxygen.
(b) Invention of metals sodium and potassium and
(c) Experiments on magnets.

Volta received several honors. He was invited to give a lecture at paris institute. Napoleam, the king presided.

He was selected as senator. The king of Australia nominated him the Director, studies in philosophy, Padua. Volta died in his native Como. A statue of him was erected at Como.

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Allessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio count Volta

The first electric battery was invented by the Italian scientist Allessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio count Volta, who built a simple battery which was called a Voltaic pile in 1800. The volt a standard measure of electric force comes from his name.

Volta was born in ‘como’ a beautiful city in Italy in a poor family. He could study with the help of his relatives who were in high post in the church. Volta was appointed a teacher in a high school after his education. While he was in high school he invented the electrophoresis a device to generate static electricity. He was invited to establish physics department in Pavia University. There he had the opportunity to conduct experiments. He studied how Galvani, an Italian anatomist. Pioneered is the study of the relationship between living organisms and electricity. Galvani had discovered that a muscale could be made to contract even without subjecting it to electric charge. This he had named animal electricity. Volta didn’t believe it. He made his own experiments and sent a report to the Royal society. This was named Volta pile.

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E=mc2

Albert Einstin major contribution was the special theory of relativity. He showed that the physical quantities like mass, length and time are not constant, but vary with the velocity of the body. He established the equivalence of matter and energy. The interconnection of mass and energy was embedied in the formula E=mc2 where E is energy, m is the mass and c, a constant equal to the velocity of light. The atomic bomb was the result of this equation. He also explained in one of his papers the way the force of gravity works.

In 1933, in Germany the dictatorship of Hitler was found intolerable. Einstein opposed it. The conditions of Jews were miserable. Einstein when to America on an invitation to deliver a lecture. He be punished. He held a high post in Princeton University till 1945. There he worked on the development of Atom Bomb. When he found the harmful and disastrous effect on the bomb on the two cities of Japan he became very sad and decided to advocate only the peaceful users of atomic energy. Einstein died on April18, 1955. An element Einstein has been named after him. He is sometimes called the father of modern physics.

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Once Albert Einstin climbed a ladder

Once he climbed a ladder to change the picture on the wall. His foot slipped and he fell to the floor. Quickly recovering from the fall, he took out a paper and pen and began working to the causes of the fall. Like the ball of the apple in Newtons Garden, this incident led him to restructure the theory of gravitation. He was Albert Einstein.

Einstein was born at Ulm in Germany. He learns piano from his mother. Right from his childhood he was interested in science. He was sharp in mathematics but a mediocre in other subjects. He completed his education in 1900 and became a citizen of Switzerland where he had tried for admission in the Zurich University. He joined the Swiss patent office as a clerk. He married science student mileva marec. In 1905 he got his doctorate degree from Zurich University. But that he had published five research papers which made him a famous scientist as he showed that when light fals on metals like tungsten etc. they emit electrons. These electrons he called photo electrons and the effect ‘photoelectric effect’. He was awarded the 1921 Noble Prize for his discovery of the law of Photo electric effect.

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Germs

Since the 1600’s some scientists guessed that tiny “seeds” caused some disease. These seeds, which had been seen though microscope, were actually living organisms called germs or microscopes, were actually living organisms called germs or microbes. Luis Pasteur, a brilliant French chemist, noted that wine turns bitter because of microbes that get into the wine while it is being made. He then showed that such microbes can be killed by heat. He also saved the French silk industry by proving that a microbe was attacking silkworm eggs and causing a destructive disease. Getting rid of the microbes wiped out the disease is caused by germs multiplying in the body. He also showed that if microbes are weakened in a laboratory and then placed in an animal’s body, the animal develops immunity (resistance) to the microbe. He called this method of fighting off microbes, vaccination. Pasteur proved that vaccination worked by vaccinating sheep against a disease called anthrax. In 1881, he began to study rabies, a deadly disease spread by the bite of rabies – infected animals, and boy and the boy’s parents begged Pasteur to save there son. The scientist gave the boy his new vaccine for several weeks. It worked, and the boy did not get rabies. Since then, Luis Pasture’s discoveries have saved countless lives.

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